"Tá fásach san Astráil."
Translation:There is a desert in Australia.
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"cad is brí le "mate" as Gaeilge?" means "what does "mate" mean in Irish?". That's the wrong question, because "mate" doesn't mean anything in Irish.
"Cad é an Ghaeilge ar "mate"?" is how you ask "What is the Irish for "mate"?"
"a chara" or "a chomrádaí" are probably the best choices in this particular context.
Nach ait é go bhfuil an focal 'fás' ann mar fréamh an ainm d'áit nach bhfásann rudaí ann?
Why is it "san Astráil" and "i gCeanada"? Are "sa" and "i" interchangeable here?
No, i and sa aren't interchangeable.
Most countries require a definite article, so you have to use sa with those countries, or, as in this case, san when the country starts with a vowel.. A small number of countries don't require the use of the definite article - Ceanada is one of them, so it's just i gCeanada.
The most common countries that don't require the use of the definite article are Éirinn, Sasana, Albainn, Meiriceá and Ceanada.