"No, he is not a dog."
Translation:Nie, on nie jest psem.
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Someone above asked a very similar question, about "Nie, on to nie pies". I answered:
"In "X is Y" sentences (doesn't matter that Y is negated), if X is a personal pronoun, the only option that works well is X + a form of 'być' + Y in Instrumental.
Your structure would work in many contexts: "Nie, tygrys to nie pies" (No, tiger is not a dog), but not with pronouns."
Now, with your sentence there's another problem - the placement of negation. Even if you could use the "X to Y" construction here, you have to negate Y, and not "to".
For more information you can take a look here: https://www.duolingo.com/comment/16373167
It's a lot, but you can take it part by part :) The specific problem here is described in Part 2.
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The first one is incorrect, as in Polish the verb 'być' must be followed by a noun in an Intrumental case.
https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/28545847 This article has everything that came to my mind that you need to know about negations. But wasn't what you meant a difference between "Adam to nie lekarz" and "Adam nie jest lekarzem"? In the first one, you kinda have an invisible 'jest' anyway: "Adam to nie (jest) lekarz".
"Nie" is put before the word you want to negate. If put before the noun, it tends to merge with it, making it (at least to me) sound like he is a not-dog or an anti-dog" which makes him some kind of a really weird fiction character.
Compare:
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Oni nie są ludźmi - They aren't human.
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Oni są nieludźmi - They are inhumans.
Basically you need to negate the whole idea of 'being a dog', not just 'a dog'. Otherwise it would be like saying that he's a 'not-dog', an 'undog' or something like that.
If you think about how "is not" = "isn't" you can easily see that in English the negation is also on the verb, not the noun. Even if English has "not" after the verb.
You may want to read this: https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/28545847
tl;dr: "Only Accusative changes its case to Genitive. The other cases just stay the same".