"Dziewczynki poszły do kościoła."
Translation:The girls have gone to church.
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Is the definite article in "the church" required? It can be omitted, although it changes the sense of the sentence.
It does work like iść/chodzić, but I would add one thing: it's either on foot or unknown/irrelevant.
I mean, if they needed to take a bus, but the bus part really doesn't matter - what matters is that they went to church, then "poszły" is fine. Or you can specify that they went by some vehicle and say "pojechały".
Do you mean, why is the verb feminine? If so, simply because "Dziewczynki", the subject of the verb, is feminine.
Or, do you mean, how can I tell that "poszły" is feminine? If you'd like to take a look at https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C3%B3j%C5%9B%C4%87#Polish and expand the conjugation, you'll find that form in the plural non-virile column (as opposed to the male form "poszli", which is in the plural virile column.
HTH
Myślę, że to zdanie także byłoby dobrym tłumaczeniem na "the girls have been to church"?
No, you cannot use "have been" here. "Have been" means they went and they are back; "have gone" means they are NOT back, they are still gone/there. And "poszły" means exactly "have gone", nothing more.
Tak, dokładnie, to byłoby "Dziewczynki były w kościele". Ale to jest zupełnie inne zdanie.
Yes, exactly, it would be "Dziewczynki były w kościele". But it is a completely different sentence. (In this forum we write in English).
If you mean the infinitive, it is pójść. And to make things more complicated, for men it would be oni poszli and in singular it is ona poszła and on poszedł.