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Does that mean the exact meaning of "a dog drinks milk" , which means that any dog drinks milk , or it refers to a certain situation ?
as in many languages, the turkish "Bir" is both the number one and in sentences like this, "a(n)". this sentence is a generalization, but a more Turkish way to say is "Köpekler süt içer", which means "Dogs drink milk". I for one don't think anyone would say this sentence in this way.
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It refers to a certain situation. The speaker talks about a specific dog, but s/he doesn't expect the hearer to identify that dog unambiguously.
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is 'a dog drinks THE milk ' also correct? (the milk in a cup in head of the dog)
That would be wrong. In this case, you would have to use the accusative case. 'Bir köpek sütü içer.
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Does köpek refer to any type of "dog" or to some narrower group (just like the English word dog, which in the past used to refer only to mastiff hounds)?
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No - Nobody says "One dog drinks milk" - It is the dog drinks milk, or a dog drinks milk.
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"One dog drinks milk, while another hardly notices it in his bowl." says the man, watching the pair of canines.
