"Fine, thank you."
Translation:Dobrze, dziękuję.
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It's basically a verb (to thank). And we need the first person form here.
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dzi%C4%99kowa%C4%87#Conjugation
Dziękuje would be the third person singular form (he/she/it is thanking).
I have to admit, even native speakers sometimes struggle with that. Basically there are two types of "rz":
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Type 1) Static rz, which developped from a soft (palatalised) Old Slavic r. There's no other way than to just remember how those words are spelled. If you speak an East Slavic language, there's a trick: Look for a cognate and check whether it has a rolled r in it. If it does, it's a rz in 99% of cases.
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Type 2) Dynamic rz. Now that's easy. In the case of adverbs, check the corresponding adjective (dobry). Remember these two rules: r + ie = rze & r + i = rzy. The ie-suffix is added to form the adverb, thus dobr (stem) + [ie] become dobrze. The same goes for nouns: Górze is the locative/dative form of góra. [-ie] is the suffix that creates the rz according to the aforementioned rule.
Yes, exactly. Or compare it with Proto-Slavic rěka. This test works for almost every word that has a Russian/Ukrainian cognate. The only exception I could find so far was żebro (ребро/riebro):
https://sjp.pwn.pl/poradnia/haslo/Dlaczego-zebro-a-nie-rzebro;13244.html