"What is the relationship between past and future?"
Translation:Jaka jest relacja pomiędzy przeszłością a przyszłością?
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The suggested correction is for the part of the answer supplied. Jaki is corrected to Jaka
I'm not an expert here, but I think I'd risk saying that -łość is a suffix here, there are more nouns ending with it.
You also have adjectives "past" and "future" which are "przeszły" and "przyszły" respectively.
As for the etymology, I don't have an answer for that (not that the above is so useful :D).
You might also want to take a look at this comment:
https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/18149399?comment_id=46719235
This is always difficult to explain. I'd say that "czym" in Instrumental is used when you're asking for a definition. You could also notice that the answer ("Szczęście jest uczuciem" = "Luck is a feeling", nevermind if that's a correct answer) takes Instrumental.
Usually though, if in English you have "what" and some noun, you use a form of "jaki" and the Nominative case. "jaki" is associated with descriptions, and you're asking for a description of the relationship.
However, I am unable to find a rule/explanation that works in every situation...