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- "Saith buwch ac wyth dafad."
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Buwch comes from Proto-Celtic *bowkkā, from *bōws ("ox"), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws ("cattle"), also the source of Welsh bugail ("shepherd, pastor"), Irish buchaill ("boy"), English cow, Latin bōs ("cow, bull or ox", whence Spanish buey ["ox"] and English bovine and beef), Ancient Greek βουκόλος (boukólos, “cowherd”, whence bucolic), Latvian govs ("cattle; cow"), Russian говя́дина (govjádina, "beef"), Armenian կով (kov, “cow”), Persian گاو (gāv, "cow") and Sanskrit गो (go, "cow", whence गोविन्द [govinda, "cowherd; epithet of Krishna"] and Hindustani गाय/گائے [gāy, "cow"]).
Does buwch specifically refer to female cows and not male bulls?
Yes.
buwch = cow
tarw = bull
gwartheg = cattle as SaraGalesa has pointed out.
For 'seven cows', yes. But y buchod for 'the cows'.
See the course notes (look for the sticky discussion on hints and tips at https://www.duolingo.com/topic/924/hot) which explain that Welsh uses a singular noun when it directly follows a number.