That was interesting, although I wouldn't necessarily worry about ambiguity. The spoken language tends to be less demanding in that respect, since you also have context or can clarify if asked to. Just think about Mandarin Chinese: possibly a large part of why they did not convert their writing system into something easier is because of large degree of homonymity, and yet they somehow function with all of that when talking to each other. Similarly, that distinction in Polish can be often deducted from context, or it doesn't matter, or the sentence can be rephrased in advance, or clarified if needed.

Hearing this slight „ę” at the end might be tricky and even then not all speakers would use it. Therefore it's a good idea to learn recognizing it from context.

All the answers should be accepted. In Polish such a sentence is completely correct and can be used even in formal language.

We chose to use "He produces chairs" as the main translation, but I now made "She" an equally 'best possible' translation because of course, nothing here implies it's a guy. And the same for "it", as I understand "a factory" could be referred to as "it".

One more question, and I promise I'll will leave this exercise alone. Przepraszam.

If you were to write out the pronoun "it", rather than omit it, when would you use ono and when would you use to?

Ono produkuje krzesła?

To produkuje krzesła?

In the most basic sense, the difference between to and ono is like between "this" and "it" respectively.

The pronoun ono is much rarer in Polish that its equivalent in English, because the subject has to be the neuter gender first (and inanimate objects in Polish are not limited to being neuter)… and even then Polish has a tendency to drop pronouns.

Personally I use it to clarify the subject of a sentence inside a larger paragraph, especially if it differs most from the other contenders by its gender. I prefer writing such sentences as VSO. I'll show you on a real example from my wiki:

„Lightning Dust decyduje się na użycie tornada, by odstawić konkurencję w tyle. Niestety wymyka się ono spod kontroli i balon, w którym lecą główne bohaterki, jest w niebezpieczeństwie.”

Here „ono” makes it clear, that the second sentence is about neuter tornado, not a feminine „konkurencja” (competition).

Also, like the other pronouns, it may be added to emphasize the subject stronger.

„Kryształowe Serce?! Ono jest moje!”

In situations when you could "this" instead of "it", Poles prefer the former. So typical simple sentences with „być”, and especially the verbless ones, would use „to”.

I understand that it's implied by context. Without context, however, this sentence doesn't make sense that the translation is "he" unless you point at the male person while speaking. In this case, it would be the same in English--context can imply a subject, otherwise you have to point at somebody hahaha