"This is a big spider!"
Translation:To duży pająk!
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It is equivalent. "To jest" is often shortened just to "To". "To" is the subject here, and doesn't depend on the gender. So both mean "This is a big spider"
"Ten duży pająk" would be "this big spider".
It could be ambiguous with neuter nouns, as then 'to' could be either the subject, or a neuter pronoun, so theoretically "To duże drzewo" could be both "This is a big tree" and "this big tree". However, if it ends with a dot, than as a sentence it can only mean "This is a big tree".
What you quoted is the original translation of Shakespeare, it uses "oto". Our sentence with "to" is a bit changed, made 'more basic'.
"oto" isn't a common word nowadays. It kinda works as I explained above, it is also used for the Latin phrase "Ecce Homo" = "Oto człowiek".
Wiktionary (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oto#Polish) gives a translation: "here it is, there it is/they are etc.; voilà", and a note "Used when introducing something new to someone".
Don't worry, you'll get it :) So basically yes, "ten" is a masculine pronoun meaning "this", and pająk is indeed masculine. It would be used if you were to translate a sentence "This spider is big": Ten pająk jest duży.
But here we have a sentence of the "This is Y" type. And in such a sentence, no matter the gender or the number, whether we will have this/that/these/those in the English sentence, in Polish it will always be "To".
P.S. If you are by any chance an English native, you can just change your keyboard to a Polish one, you will have all that you need for English plus all you need for Polish :)