"Az orvos fiatal."

Translation: The doctor is young.

[AelienFelis]

As a med student, this sounds pretty oxymoronic to me... cries in the corner

[RoseJohnso]

Are the phrases "The young doctor" and "The doctor is young" expressed differently?

[negyvenketto]

"The young doctor" = "A fiatal orvos"

[BenceFerdinandy]

The young doctor would be "A fiatal orvos".

[Diomm]

Would it be the same word, i.e. orvos, for like "doctress"?

[Gyengetolcser]

it would be, yes. Or it could be "doktornõ"

[ryan.mendenhall]

Why is "that doctor is young" not also correct?

[methosraven87]

Because it means "Az az orvos fiatal". The first "az" means "that", the second "az" or "a" is required before the noun unlike in English.
"the doctor" = "az orvos", "that doctor" = "az az orvos", "this doctor" = "ez az orvos".

[dlicompugraphd]

ב"ה

Why is this "the doctor is young" but it can't be "the young doctor"?

[bbigblue]

"Az orvos fiatal." - "The doctor is young" - This is a statement, a sentence with a subject, a verb and an adjective.
"A fiatal orvos" - "The young doctor" - This is just a description that can be an answer to a "who is" type of question.