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Common English homonyms and homophones
Do you ever confuse similar words? You’re not alone!
Here are some words that have different meanings but are often confused.
Homophones are words that sound the same.
Homographs are words that are spelled the same but have different meanings. They may or may not sound the same.
Let’s not forget words that have different spellings and pronunciations and still get confused often.
Help us come up with more examples in English or another language - share a pair of words you often confuse or a tip for remembering the difference :)
199 Comments
Effect and affect; heir and air; bear (to carry) and bear (the animal); bureau, burrow, and burro (bureau is slightly different though), lean (not fat), and lean (to tilt onto something), Polish (from Poland) and polish (A shiny coating) .. I could go on, don't you love English!?
One thing I find interesting is that under the "homophones" section, you had "our" and "hour" together. I know some people who pronounce them the same way, but I would say "our" and "are" are homophones.
There should be a list of words that should be pronounced the same, it might be a little long though :) http://ncf.idallen.com/english.html
2068
One thing I find interesting is that under the "homophones" section, you had "our" and "hour" together. I know some people who pronounce them the same way, but I would say "our" and "are" are homophones.
I'd say all three are homophones.
Polish (from Poland) and polish (A shiny coating)
...and someone who resembles the ever-present character from the Irish course would presumably be Pólish.
These words’ pronunciations vary by dialect:
-
In rhotic dialects, “pores” is distinct from “pause” and “paws”, and “paw” is distinct from “pore”, “poor”, and “pour”;
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In dialects that pronounce “moor” and “more” differently, “poor” is distinct from “pore” and “pour” (and “paw” in non-rhotic dialects).
2187
Near Liverpool. Also hair and her sound the same. Her being pronounced the most reconisable way.
Your examples are not all homophones because they are not pronounced the same way. Bureau, burrow, and burro are all pronounced differently, with three different "u" sounds, by native English speakers (regardless of the regional or national accent in play). The same for effect and affect: effect is either pronounced eee-fect or eh-fect, while affect is pronounce a-fect. Same for Polish and polish - the first has a long "o" while the second has a short "o". Also, "hour" and "our" are true homophones while "our" and "are" definitely are not.
I'm just clarifying this so that those trying to learn English do not learn incorrect pronunciations. Your hearing of the pronunciations of these words serves to underscore why it is so difficult to learn a foreign language. Our ears, and mouths, are very attuned to the sounds of our native languages, and we often don't hear the nuances of pronunciation in a language that uses slightly different sounds. Were I to try to identify homophones in German, no doubt I would err in the same way.
I mostly agree with you, evelyn18s, but not completely. I am a native English speaker, and I assure you that I and all who speak with my accent pronounce "burrow" and "burro" exactly the same. (I also pronounce "borough" in that way, though some pronounce the first vowel with more of an "o" sound.)
As for "Polish" and "polish", I believe those are more correctly termed homographs rather than homophones.
2108
Hi,
I'm currently interested in Canadian English and I can tell you that according to the researches I've read some people in Canada make a distinction in such words. I think this is most common in Quebec. :)
J'ai lu que tu es francophone car j'ai pensé d'écrire quelque chose en français aussi. :) L'anglais n'est pas ma langue maternelle non plus parce que je suis polonais :). Je sais que l'anglais n'est pas une langue facile mais je vois que tu l'as maîtrisé déjà ! :) Pardonne-moi si j'ai fait des erreurs en français mais je n'ai pas eu beaucoup de pratique récemment :).
Merci! j'espère que ma anglais est bien, j'ai appliqué au université en anglais. Je pense que maintenant ma anglais est plus bien que ma français. Même que c'est ma langue matérnal, j'étudié anglais formellement mais j'ai jamais etudies français formalment autre de école élémentaire. Ton français est trés bien.
2108
That's awesome! I'm sure you'll do great! :) I'm majoring in English and I'm actually thinking of PhD studies focusing on Canadian English :).
Je te comprends :). Parfois, j'oublie des mots dans ma langue maternelle et je me souviens des mots anglais ;D. Merci beaucoup ! Ça veut dire beaucoup pour moi !
In English, we use the word "you" for both singular and plural purposes; in other languages such as French and Spanish, "you" is different for the both the singular and the plural. In Spanish, it is also different if it is formal or informal speech (e.g. You would use formal speech if you were talking to a stranger but informal speech for a familiar person). To sum it up in Spanish, regard the table below:
tú - you (sing., informal); usted - you (sing., formal); vosotros - you (pl., informal, masc.); vosotras - you (pl., informal, fem.); ustedes - you (pl., formal)
To further clear up this issue, below are examples of "you" in plural and singular in Spanish and in English.
In English:
"you" (pl.) - You (all) should do better next time.
"you" (sing.) - You should do better next time.
In Spanish (informal speech used):
"you" (pl.) - Vosotros sois buenos. (You are (all) good.)
"you" (sing.) - Tú eres bueno. (You are good.)
Hope that helped!
2296
Some homophones are pronounced differently in various English dialects, and, as indicated in other comments, have additional words pronounced the same way in other dialects.
In your list of homophones, “yore” could be added to “your”. (I pronounce “you’re” as /jʊɹ/, so “you’re” and “your” are homophones for me only when “your” is unstressed.) “You”, “yew”, and “ewe” could also be added, as could “be” and “bee”, “key” and “quay”, “pea” and “pee”, “see” and “sea”, “tea” and “tee”, “yea” and “yay”, “hay” and “hey”, “high” and “hi”, “low” and “lo”, “hew” and “hue”, “coo” and “coup”, “no” and “know”, “toe” and “tow”, “time” and “thyme”, “red” and “read” (past tense), “led” and “lead” (the element), “bridal” and “bridle”, as well as “new”, “knew” and “gnu”, “so”, “sew”, and “sow” (verb), “lay”, “ley”, and “lei”, “nay”, “neigh”, and “née”, and “rain”, “rein”, and “reign”. Another possibility is “for” and “fore”, with “four” added for those dialects in which “horse” and “hoarse” are homophones, and “oar”, “ore”, and “o’er”, with “or” added for “horse”–“hoarse” merger dialects, as well as pairs such as “pain” and “pane”, “days” and “daze”, “maid” and “made”, “mail” and “male”, etc. which are homophones in most (but not all) dialects.
In your list of homographs, “read” (/ɹiːd/, present tense) and “read” (/ɹɛd/, past tense) could be added, as well as “mine” (possessive pronoun) and “mine” (source of ore), “pine” (tree) and “pine” (long for), “round” (adjective: circular) and “round” (competition stage), “rime” (icy coating) and “rime” (second part of a syllable), and “export” (/ˈɛks.pɔɹt/, noun in rhotic dialects with the “horse”–“hoarse” merger), “export” (/ɪksˈpɔɹt/, verb in rhotic dialects with the “horse”–“hoarse” merger), “export” (/ˈɛks.poɹt/, noun in rhotic dialects without the “horse”–“hoarse” merger), “export” (/ɪksˈpoɹt/, verb in rhotic dialects without the “horse”–“hoarse” merger), “export” (/ˈɛks.pɔːt/, noun in non-rhotic dialects with the “horse”–“hoarse” merger), “export” (/ɪksˈpɔːt/, verb in non-rhotic dialects with the “horse”–“hoarse” merger), “export” (/ˈɛks.poət/, noun in non-rhotic dialects without the “horse”–“hoarse” merger), and “export” (/ɪksˈpoət/, verb in non-rhotic dialects without the “horse”–“hoarse” merger) — one pair of homographs with four pairs of dialectal pronunciations!
In your list of confused words, “rein” (a strap connected to a bridle) and “reign” (to rule as a monarch) should be added, so that people will recognize that giving someone “free rein” rather than “free reign” preserves the riding metaphor. Similarly, “you’re” and “your” could be added to the list so that “you’re welcome” (vs. “I’m welcome”) can be distinguished from “your welcome” (vs. “my welcome”), and “have” and “of” could also be added, so that perfect infinitive constructions like “I should have known” (and “I should’ve known”) can be recognized as correct, and “I should of known” can be recognized as incorrect.
Here's a good one: "To bait", meaning to put a worm on a hook so you can catch a fish, vs. "to bate", meaning to cause to lessen or cease.
That second verb really isn't used much, mainly as an adjective participle in the phrase, "To wait with bated breath". I have lost count of how many times I have seen someone write that he is "waiting with baited breath"; makes me want to ask him if he's been eating worms.
It's Britain silly. We got around...
Being an island floating off the coast of Europe, it was basically a given that Britain would become obsessed with maritime exploration. Since the sea is a road that connects everywhere to everywhere else, and since we were the strongest naval power for a long time, trade took us all over the world and military power only sealed the deal. Couple that with generally cultivating superior technology compared to nearly everyone, even the oldest civilisations like China, and there was very little standing in the way. Other European countries played the same game, but Britain also had the advantage of being naturally well protected from outside intervention. We have a big moat of the coast of Kent which generally kept out trouble makers.
There is a fascinating parallel with Polynesian languages, hundreds of years before the British Empire was even a faraway dream, Polynesian languages spread over an area further and wider than any continent, in a giant triangle stretching from off the coast of Africa, east through Indonesia and the Phillipines, north to Hawa'i and down to the Pacific off the Peruvian coastline, and right back through New Zealand. It may not be a strict fair comparison because it is not one people with one language, but it gives you ample evidence of how easily a people and culture can spread across a vast distance just by using the sea.
All those closely related languages were spread by people using little more than rafts, who navigated by the stars pretty much from memory using techniques that would baffle anyone alive today. In contrast, Brits had sturdy wooden ships, professionally trained sailors, compasses, clocks, sea charts, star charts, not to mention guns to discourage people from bothering us... we basically had it easy.
So in short, exploration and trade was the main business, the 'becoming lingua franca' thing was just a lucky accident. If you went back to 1067 and told an English speaker their language would one day be the most popular second language in the world, and that India and China alone would have more English speakers than the English, they would have thought you were a complete and total lunatic. We never could have predicted that English would become ubiquitous. Which is why we did such a piss poor job of tidying our language up before it went global :)
(euh... I hope that wasn't just a rhetorical question)
1539
When Normans lost Normandy, started switching to English language of land they ruled. But English had hardly been written for over 200 years; all official text had been written in French and anything related to universities or clergy was in Latin. So scribes tried to write down what they heard and were pretty inconsistent. They applied French spelling conventions to English words, so cwen became queen, cirice became church and c was used instead of s in words like cell and circle. They also struggled with English handwriting, where u, v, n and m all looked very similar. So they replaced u with o in words like done and come.
At same time, thousands of French and Latin words were entering English language. scribes kept original French spelling for some (table, double, centre) but changed spelling of others to reflect their English pronunciation (e.g. beef, battle, government, mountain). This was wild time for English spelling as concept of “correct” spelling didn’t really exist. People also spelled according to their local dialect.. 500 years ago, 5-7m people spoke English, almost all of them living in British Isles. Now, anywhere up to 1.8b people around world speak English.
EN doesn’t have Academy to say how language should develop. Scholars tried to make English neater language but ended up making it messier!
How did this happen? Growth of English has nothing to do with structure of language, or any inherent qualities, and everything to do with politics.
It's the most convoluted language. That's why there's movement for simplified or Globish that the British have to learn as well.
But the 20sh% of speakers is far from lingua-franca. The reason... European Identity, (search for) Zlatko Tisljar Assoc4 European Consciousness Maribor 3/8'11 www.debatingeurope.eu/2011/08/03/should-esperanto-be-the-language-of-europe/#.V53JpLh95hF
1872
And far from switching to the language of the land they ruled, they suppressed Anglo-Saxon and imposed Norman French. I'm afraid that the information you have found @berberu is flawed and this has misled you. That's the problem with the internet, not all the information posted is reliable. :-)
1539
Magna Carta Libertatum was more about Magna than Libertatum (that all abstraction and principle in world won't get you liberty unless nobles get it for you!??)
In today's Digital Age, Internet is Magna Carta Libertatum.
You should know how to Analyse Data to make it meaningful. And read from different sources/languages to avoid bias.
1539
When (copied) from English it is unreliable. Focus on the outcome related to EN not Normandy.
Just trying to find the logic of compound nouns (which can be verbs/adverbs/adjectives...crazy) and translate 'coffee bean bag'. Is it a (shopping) Bag (object) made from coffee bean?
1872
As long as it doesn't say the same in your own native language then you're ok, otherwise ignore it. :-))
Don't worry about trying to find the logic in English, there is very little, it is a highly illogical language because it arose from so many diverse and conflicting sources.
A coffee bean bag for example would usually be a bag in which coffee was stored and transported but in fact, it could actually, rarely be a bag made of coffee beans (if that's possible). Only the context would tell you.
For example :
"The warehouse held large supplies of coffee bean bags in readiness for the harvest."
but
"The shopping bag manufacturer bought large quantities of coffee beans for use in the production of their unusual coffee bean bag."
As I say, not logical but I hope it helps, let me know if you have any more questions and I'll do my best to answer them. Gena :-)
2399
Root and route are not homophones for everyone. In fact, I rarely hear this pronunciation for route in the U.S. West.
2399
Great point. Route 66 runs through my city, and everyone does call it "Root 66" just like in the song. But when we are talking about pathways, most people say "rout." In fact, just days before I made my comment, someone told me to take a certain "root" and it caught me off guard. It's quite fascinating, the ways we use language.
Imply vs. infer; comprise vs. composed of. Not homophones in any way, but they are often confused.
- the speaker implies, the listener infers
- a big thing is composed of several smaller things, while several smaller things comprise the bigger thing. For example, "The beach is composed of sand, seashells, and water" but "The sand, seashells, and water comprise the beach." (It is never correct to say "something is comprised of.")
However, it is correct to say, "The beach comprises sand, seashells, and water."
The verb "to comprise" essentially means "to contain". So it might make sense to say that some things are comprised by something else -- e.g. "Sand, seashells, and water are comprised by the beach" -- but no one ever uses it that way. So I'd have to agree that, in actual usage, it's never correct to say "A is comprised of B, C, etc." But this usage is becoming so common that, at some point, Chomsky will win and it will become "right" simply by dint of overwhelming force of popular usage.
Although they have a variety of meanings has anyone tackled the various pronunciations of "-ough(t)? It was one of the toughest lessons to teach non-native speakers. Cough (coff), tough (tuff), though (thō), etc. I know native Spanish speakers I taught had difficulty in distinguishing between YELLOW and JELL-O.
In English, we use the word "you" for both singular and plural purposes; in other languages such as French and Spanish, "you" is different for the both the singular and the plural. In Spanish, it is also different if it is formal or informal speech (e.g. You would use formal speech if you were talking to a stranger but informal speech for a familiar person). To sum it up in Spanish, regard the table below:
tú - you (sing., informal); usted - you (sing., formal); vosotros - you (pl., informal, masc.); vosotras - you (pl., informal, fem.); ustedes - you (pl., formal)
To further clear up this issue, below are examples of "you" in plural and singular in Spanish and in English.
In English:
"you" (pl.) - You (all) should do better next time.
"you" (sing.) - You should do better next time.
In Spanish (informal speech used):
"you" (pl.) - Vosotros sois buenos. (You are (all) good.)
"you" (sing.) - Tú eres bueno. (You are good.)
Hope that helped!
Most of these are however near homophones that (depending on the learner's native phonetic and phonemic inventory) would sound the same in their accent. For example most romance and Slavic languages (basically languages that do not have length distinction) do not have any phonemic distinction similar to the slip–sleep one, so they confuse the two phonemes; the same can be said for the fool–full pair, which is actually homophonic in some native English accents (the cockney accent, for example, or the American accents with the full-fool merger). Many languages, including German, tend to produce a more "American" /æ/, conflating it with the /ɛ/ phoneme, thus bad and bed sound the same. The [ɜ] in her is also a rare phone cross-linguistically and many languages with no central vowel tend to realise it as either a front rounded vowel (this is the case for most native German speakers pronouncing ‹her› like /hœ/, ‹hö›) or a front unrounded vowel, thus merging it with ‹hair›.
I wouldn't say it's flawed; English has just had so many influences from other languages that there's no longer many set spelling rules.
It's worth noting that in American English, "berry/bury" and "root/route" are not homophones. Those are homophones in British English as far as I'm concerned.
I also think that some dialects of English do have different sounds for "your/you're" and "their/there/they're".
You should probably clarify what dialect of English we're going by in cases like these.
Remember, there are homophones and homonyms. Homophones are two or more words that sound the same, but have different meanings. Homonyms are two words that are spelled the same. Therefore, "poll" and "pole" are homophones, and "lean" and "lean" are homonyms (although technically homonyms are homophones in that they usually sound the same, I think they are still grouped seperately).
554
I wouldn't pronounce weather and weather the same, as Whether starts with an aspirated sound. Similarly I distinguish whales and Wales, what and watt (a unit of power). But weather and wether (a castrated male sheep over the age of one) are definitely homophones.
I've been wondering about this: how many people do you think know the word "wether" - I didn't until recently. Google looks for "weather" at first. The spell checker in Chrome doesn't know the word. It's similar to the Danish word for "ram" (vædder). The two words share etymology. You are right of course about the pronunciation of whether - is this true for all english speakers?
554
I knew about wethers because relatives raised sheep in Wales - my aunt once said, apropos of the meat on my plate, that there was 'one on the hill and one in the freezer'. I did some research which suggested the term hogget is more common, though the meaning is not quite the same.
1872
A hogget or hoggett is a male sheep between one and two years old, it may or may not be castrated, whereas a wether is a castrated male sheep of any age but usually older than two.
Just a little complication, the word "bow" on the third part (meaning to bow to an audience) is not pronounced the same as the other two. You also forgot the fourth type of bow, as in the bow of a ship. (I don't know the symbols for pronunciation, but both of which I speak of are pronounces similar to the word cow.)
ad add. dew due. sail sale. eat eight. http://www.singularis.ltd.uk/bifroest/misc/homophones-list.html
here is a link to more :)
66
A wonderful collection of English homophones and other spelling quirks can be found in a poem by Mark Eckman and Jerrold H. Zar, called
OWED TO A SPELL-CHECKER,
sometimes also known as, CANDIDATE FOR A PULLET SURPRIZE:
[This really needs to be read aloud to appreciate its ingenuity. If someone can explain how to make single-spaced line changes, I'd be grateful.]
I have a spelling checker,
It came with my PC.
It plane lee marks four my revue
Miss steaks aye can knot sea.
Eye ran this poem threw it,
Your sure reel glad two no.
Its vary polished in it's weigh.
My checker tolled me sew.
A checker is a bless sing,
It freeze yew lodes of thyme.
It helps me right awl stiles two reed,
And aides me when eye rime.
Each frays come posed up on my screen
Eye trussed too bee a joule.
The checker pours o'er every word
To cheque sum spelling rule.
Bee fore a veiling checker's
Hour spelling mite decline,
And if we're lacks oar have a laps,
We wood bee maid too wine.
Butt now bee cause my spelling
Is checked with such grate flare,
Their are know fault's with in my cite,
Of nun eye am a wear.
Now spelling does knot phase me,
It does knot bring a tier.
My pay purrs awl due glad den
With wrapped word's fare as hear.
To rite with care is quite a feet
Of witch won should bee proud,
And wee mussed dew the best wee can,
Sew flaw's are knot aloud.
Sow ewe can sea why aye dew prays
Such soft wear four pea seas,
And why eye brake in two averse
Buy righting want too pleas.
http://www.oocities.org/peggyhu/speller.htm
ATTRIBUTION: Jerrold H. Zar The Graduate School Northern Illinois University DeKalb, IL 60115-2864 jhzar@niu.edu
Published in the Journal of Irreprodicble Results, January/February 1994, page 13. Reprinted ("by popular demand") in the Journal of Irreproducible Results, Vol. 45, No. 5/6, 2000, page 20. Journal of Irreproducible Results, PO Box 234, Chicago Heights IL 60411 USA Phone: 708-747-3717 Fax:708-747-3657 E-mail: jir@interaccess.com Web site: www.jir.com
NOTE: As a long-time teacher of English as a Second Language (ESL) this was a treasured possession, back in the days of hard-copy only. After I lost my copy, the internet proved that it ain't all bad by hosting the poem in multiple places. Enjoy!
Bail (out of jail) and bale (of hay); Axis (mathematical coordinates) and axes (weapons); beat (music) and beet (the vegetable); bald (hairless) and bawled (crying violently); bass (Instrument) and base (safe zone); band (Music group) and banned (No allowed); Aisle (Lane) isle (Island); blew (past tense for blowing) and blue (the color of the sky); Billed (having a beak) and billed ( the act of recieving a bill) bill (an idea for a law sent to US congress for approval before becoming law) and Build (to make something from another thing)
There are many more: https://www.teachingtreasures.com.au/teaching-tools/Basic-worksheets/worksheets-english/upper/homophones-list.htm