"The mayonnaise is on her sandwich."
Translation:Maioneza este pe sandviciul ei.
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Because here it is 'her sandwich'. In general a preposition goes with the indefinite form (un - o), but not when there is something that makes the noun specific, like his/my or for example if you say the mayo is on the big sandwich, not on the small one (e pe sandviciul mare, nu pe...). But in another context you might want to use the indefinite form to say 'the mayo is on a big sandwich', if there are many and it doesn't matter on which one: e pe un sandvici mare. So there it's a bit depending on context - but with my/your/his/her and so on you have no other option than using the definite form.
1136
We did not have possessives yet... And why does sandwich has an article, where does it indicate the article is needed?
"ei" can be either the relative possessive pronoun 3rd person singular feminine "cartea ei" = her book, OR the personal pronoun 3rd person plural masculine "ei citesc" = they read. Context would clarify which one.
See https://duome.eu/tips/en/ro, sections on Personal pronouns and on Relative possessive pronouns.