"これはわたしのだと思います。"
Translation:I think this is mine.
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A nice guess, but it's really just a grammatical rule. When と acts as a particle indicating something that is thought/said/expressed, the verb preceding と is in plain form, and the final verb determines the politeness of the sentence as a whole. For example: かれはとしょかんに行くといいました -> "He said he's going to the library".
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Also what comes before と思います is technically reported speech (in this case your thoughts or speech inside your head). Verbs in reported speech are in plain form.
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Yes, present, active (plain form) equivalent to the dictionary form eg. 行く、来る、食べる、分かる、学ぶ of verbs or the verb stem + base 3.
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To show that what proceeds it is 'reported speech' - in other words whatever proceeds と is either speech, or thoughts.
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"I think this is mine", a man says as he is searched after shoplifting a fridge under his jacket.
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There are essentially two sentences in one sentence here これは。。。とおもいます - 'I think ....this thing' and わたしのだ 'it is mine'. わたしのだ is a subordinate clause within the main clause or sentence and it is also reported speech - or in this case 'reported thought". The と before the verb indicates the speaker's thought/s or in other words it lets us know that the subordinate clause that precedes it is reported speech/thought. Verbs in reported speech are in plain form hence we have だ instead of です. Hope this makes sense?