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일하다 and 근무하다 are sometimes interchangeable, sometimes not. 일하다 is used widely, but 근무하다 is usually used in offices, army.
-사무실에서 일하다, 사무실에서 근무하다, 당직근무하다, 보초근무하다 : All is ok -밭에서 일하다 (ㅇ), 밭에서 근무하다 (x)
근무하다 is basically only used in that circumstance. having a meaning similar to 'on duty'. But I think that it is worth pointing out directly that 일하다 has a TON more uses than just to work.
Any time there is a choice between native and 漢字-based terms, the 漢字 is usually more formal/official. In many cases though, the 漢字 has fallen out of use and simply sounds weird, so only the native term is used. But there are also many cases where the native terms sound archaic and have been replaced by 漢字-based terms.
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Would you please identify which of the two of 일하다 and 근무하다 is native Korean? I thought most of the time -하더 verbs are Sino Korean
In this case, 일 is the native Korean root. When in doubt see if wiktionary has the info. -하다 just makes a lot of nouns into verbs, afaik it doesn't reliably (if at all?) help with figuring out if that noun is Sino-Korean or native. It's the make/do in verbal phrased nouns like "to make dinner/tea" "to do homework/the math/something crazy."
