You can use 很 if you want,but often times english translations will omit "very" unless you use something with emphasis, like 非常. 我今天忙 and 我今天很忙 both are correct and mean "today i am busy", but when you use 很 you are implying that you are quite busy.
As I understand it 非常 is an emphasis on 很, you could use 很 for any adjective on a noun but if you want emphasis (here the word "very" shows the emphasis) you replace it with 非常. Using 很 in this sentence would roughly translate to "Doctor Wang is busy in the morning", with 非常 we get the "very busy"
I'm also learning Chinese at school, and the teacher told me that fei chang means extremely, and hen means very (sorry I don't have a Chinese keyboard). Not sure how that makes a difference in a sentence though (meaning)
Almost always starts with person/subject (i, you, wang yi sheng), then the time, and then finally thing. So like I go to school in the morning --> 我(subject)早上(time) 去学校 (the thing, verb). Chinese sentwnce structure differs from english.
The reason that some can get confused with Chinese time tenses is that Chinese doesn't have the same time tenses as English. To use those tenses, you have to take a time machine or think of the future or past person as different people than what they are currently.