"王医生不是中国人。"
Translation:Doctor Wang is not Chinese.
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2031
The character guó, which is part of "nation", seems to consist of a king (wáng) surrounded by something. Makes sense!
(Also, there's a little extra at the middle of the king. Probably his wang.)
You are onto something here, but it's a bit more roundabout. 王King>国Nation. Jade was used in a lot of the royal artifacts and was regarded as a precious material, so it makes sense why it would be written as a king with a little artifact on him, and a jade artifact encased in a box would represent the nation. Interestingly though this is a result of Chinese simplification. The traditional way of writing 国 is 國, which is "or" in a box.
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中国人 usually simply means citizens and/or nationals of China, but - WARNING - there are such people who will hate you if you ask whether they're 中国人.
For people of specific ethnic groups, other words are used. For example,
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Han Chinese: 汉人;
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Mongolians: 蒙古人 (which can be confusing because this word can also mean citizens and/or nationals of Mongolia) or, less ambiguously, 蒙古族人, where 族 means "clan, race" - obviously, some 蒙古族人 are 中国人, but some aren't);
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Manchurians: 满州人 or 满人, where 州 means "state," and 满州 is a place;
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Uyghurs: 维吾尔人;
etc.