"공원이 깨끗합니다."
Translation:The park is clean.
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So apparently there are words which have their stem and then 하다 after it, and others that don't have the 하 part and just end in 다. This is called the infinitive form of the word (/verb, maybe? Are all of these verbs?).
작다 (small, stem + 다 word) 말하다 (to speak, stem + 하다)
To conjugate them in the way duolingo teaches us, if it's a word with just the 다 ending we have to take the stem (everything before the 다), and if it ends in a consonant we add ~습니다 after it, putting the 다 back at the end. If it ends in a vowel we put a ㅂ at the bottom and then we add the ~습니다.
작다 - > 작습니다
If it's a 하다 word we gotta take the 하 and put the ㅂ at the end since it ends in a vowel like before, but skip out on the 습 block (for some reason?) and just add 니다 at the end like normal, so it'd be 합니다.
말하다 - > 말합니다
And as far as I know we just have to learn which words are 다 or 하다, which is tricky since duolingo isn't teaching the Infinitive forms of words. But I don't think there's any actual difference in what either type is used for, just different words use different endings. In the 하다 example word I gave, 하다actually is a verb though by itself, meaning something like "to do," as far as I understand it.