"남자아이가 한국어를 배우는데 영어도 배워요."
Translation:The boy learns Korean, but he also learns English.
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With context there may very well be a reason to use but. Imagine someone is trying to convince their other son to learn a language for example...
I learned on a different site that 는데 could be translated as "when" so that this phrase would say "When the boy learns Korean, he learns English too" and Google translates this phrase as "A boy learns English as he learns Korean." Which seems to support that. Can anyone offer some insight to clear up my confusion?
Yes. The connector used in the Duolingo sentence is (-는대) which is a Korean junction for 'but'. Either 는데 or 은데 is attached to the verb stem depending on whether the verb is either an action verb or a descriptive verb. Therefore the connector becomes 배우는대 (Study but). The also is derived by 또 (also) being attached to 영어 (English) getting 영어도 (English also). Source: Duolingo tips and notes for conjunctions. According to the same reference to get 'and' the connector -고 would have been attached to the stem of 배우다--and written as 배우고.