"I have not seen my parents for a year, I miss them."
Translation:我没有见父母一年了,我想他们。
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not a native speaker but I think it's because the 了 is meant to indicate an action that's been completed. it's weird to put it after an action that isn't completed, but instead goes after 一年 to indicate that the year (of not seeing them) has completed.
了 is required in this sentence to express duration of inaction. the form is Subj. + Duration + 没 + Verb + 了. https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_duration_of_inaction
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我有一年没见过我父母了。 I haven't seen my parents for a year.
我去年没见过我父母。 I didn't saw my parents last year.
了is like have/has/had in perfect tense.
In retrospect: The sentence with "了" is like saying "I haven't seen my parents for a year now." whereas the sentence without "了" is like saying "I didn't see my parents for a year." The former definitely sounds more correct particularly with the added context of "I miss them." Why? Because the first statement (with "了") is explicitly marking the change of state that prompted the second statement.
https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_duration_of_inaction As per above link, the sentence should be "我(已经)一年没有见我父母了,想他们。