"Mám tmavě červenou hrušku."
Translation:I have a dark red pear.
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So both tmave and svetle are "adverbs" and therefore don't need to be in agreement with the word they're modifying (i.e. "tmavou/svetlou cervenou hrusku".)? Now I have to reach back into my dim past and fetch up what exactly and "adverb" is. Hmmm... No rest for the weary.
Is it common among native speakers to barely pronounce the first letter/phoneme of a word? The voice here barely pronounces the 't', and I'm finding I have to listen very closely to hear many of the prepositions as they tend to be half pronounced and run into the next word.
It is common to connect prepositions with the subsequent word. In all languages I know.
You should not skip any letters except some specific cases (jsem -> sem, jsme -> sme). You may find it difficult to hear some consonants, but they have to be there and a native speaker would immediately find it missing or would not understand you.
Another example of using tmavě, an adverb instead of an adjective. Can someone explain why, please?
It is an adverb and modifies the adjective modrý. English often works the same way.
Why is it tmavě and not tmavou ? What case is it in and with what gender does it agree or what is the deal with it ?
"tmavě" (and "světle") is an adverb. It has no case or gender, it is completely immutable like all adverbs (well, it does have comparative and superlative forms, but that's it)
Adverbs modify verbs or adjectives.
Some examples of adverbs in English are "really good" or "well done". For some reason, English uses "dark red" instead of "darkly red", though.
In Czech, this must be an adverb. And it's easy, since it has no cases, numbers or genders, it's one fixed form.