"मैं दिल्ली आऊँगी ।"
Translation:I will come to Delhi.
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"I shall come to Delhi" is equally valid, but not accepted at this time by Duolingo. In fact, shall used to be considered the correct, non-emphatic future auxiliary verb used with first person subjects, while will was used for second and third person subjects. The emphatic future auxiliary verbs are reversed: will for first person and shall for second and third persons. Hardly anyone knows this these days, however. Nevertheless, the use of shall is still correct.
आऊँगा (masculine) and आऊँगी (feminine) are the first-person forms. They are conjugated with मैं.
आएगा (masculine) and आएगी (feminine) are the third-person singular forms. They are conjugated with यह, वह and nouns.
So if I am correct, the letter ऊ in the middle of a future tense verb is used when talking about yourself?
Yes. You're right.
I've listed the future tense conjugations in my comment on this thread which you can have a look at.
Why are there so many different forms of “Will come” and “Will go”? I know there are different conjugation forms, but teaching so many is a bit much I think.
Is I will come from Delhi is wrong. Situation is like speaking in phone about his arrival.
For 'I will come from Delhi', you will need to add the postposition से ('from') - मैं दिल्ली से आऊँगी.