Instance 1: for the monosyllabic transitive verbs e.g. kunywa, kula, kupa, a prefix/infix is always needed for it to make sense, i.e. they never stand on their own (e.g. 'tumela' or 'tumenywa' do not exist). These prefixes/infixes will be one of 2 things; either '-ku-' or an object infix.

• If the object is a person (usually for kupa), the verb prefix/infix will always be the object infix,
• if the object is in the 2nd person, singular, the object infix it’s still ‘-ku-’
• for imperative commands, the prefix ‘Ku-’ is retained.

Instance 1 - kunywa, kula, kupa

Subject	Object (Concord singular/plural)	-ku-	Object infix	Translation
Sisi	Chai (I/I)	Tunakunywa chai	Tunainywa chai	We are drinking (the) tea
Yeye	Mayai (Li/Ya)	Anakula mayai	Anayala mayai	She/he is eating (the) eggs
Wewe	Sisi (Ni/Tu)	Does not apply	Umetupa maji	You have given us water
Mimi	Wewe (Ku/Wa)	Does not apply	Nitakupa zawadi	I will give you a gift
Nyinyi	Keki (I/Zi)	Kuleni keki!	Does not apply	Eat (the) cake(s)!

The same applies for -mesha, -nge, -singe and the relatives -o and -ye

Tumeshakunywa chai: We have already drunk tea (OR Tumeshainywa chai)

Tungekunywa chai: Had we drunk tea (OR Tungeinywa chai)

Tusingekunywa chai: Had we not drunk tea (OR Tusingeinywa chai)

Anayekunywa chai: He who is drinking tea (OR Anayeinywa chai)

The -ku- may or may not be dropped for the tenses below. It’s more common than not to drop the ‘-ku-’, though, especially for negative past tense in the 3rd person, where ordinarily the 'ku' would show up twice

Negative present: Hatunywi/Hatukunywi chai: We are not drinking tea

Negative immediate past: Hatujanywa/Hatujakunywa chai: We have not drunk tea

Negative past: Hakunywa chai: She/she didn’t drink tea [the -ku- here is the marker for the negative past. You can say 'hakukunywa, but it's uncommon. Fun fact: there's a difference in inflection between the prefix 'Ha-' in hakunywi (he/she is not drinking) versus hakunywa (he/she did not drink); the latter has a higher inflection. Think of how you'd say 'infidelity' versus 'infidel']

Subjunctive: Tunywe/Tukunywe chai: We should drink tea

Conditional -ki-: Tukinywa/Tukikunywa chai: If we drink tea (or while we drink tea).

Habitual: (Sisi) hunywa/hukunywa chai: We (usually) drink tea.

Narrative -ka-: Kwanza tulikunywa kahawa, tukanywa/tukakunywa chai: First we drank coffee, then we drank tea.

Exceptions - kufa, kuja, kuwa

Things get interesting here. These verbs typically don’t involve objects, and as such will never carry an object prefix/infix. Things to note:

• for present tense and present habitual tense, you can exclude 'ku' and only have the subject prefix and the verb stem. The tense infix is not included, so if your sentence is not in present tense and you want to exclude 'ku', an auxiliary verb is needed.
• Alternatively, you can still retain the infix ‘-ku-’.

Subject	-ku-	Sans ‘-ku-’	Translation
Wao	Wageni wanakuja kesho	Wageni waja kesho	The guests are coming tomorrow
Yeye	Mwambie akuje	Mwambie aje	Tell her/him to come
Wao	Wanyama wanakufa zizini	Wanyama wafa zizini	Animals are dying in the pen
Yeye	Yesu alikuwa akufe kisha afufuke	Yesu alikuwa afe kisha afufuke	Jesus was to die, then resurrect
Yeye	Mwajiriwa hukuja saa moja	Mwajiriwa huja saa moja	The employee comes (in) at seven o’clock

This is also true for negative present tense:

(these are the above sentences, negated)

-ku-	Sans ‘-ku-’
Wageni hawakuji kesho	Wageni hawaji kesho
Mwambia asikuje	Mwambie asije
Wanyama hawakufi zizini	Wanyama hawafi zizini
Mwajiriwa hakuji saa moja	Mwajiriwa haji saa moja

For the Jesus sentence, the negative would be ‘hakuwa akufe/hakuwa afe’, rather than ‘alikuwa asife’.

As for kuwa:

• in present habitual tense, it is ‘huwa’ (for all persons).
• For other forms of present tense, it can be a little convoluted, since ‘to be’ can take on many forms, depending on the context.
• In past tense, you keep ‘ku’ in the affirmative, and you can either drop or retain ‘-ku-’ for their negations.
• For future tense, the ‘ku’ is retained, for both the affirmative and negative
• For conditional tenses, 'ku' is retained

Tense	Affirmative	Translation	Negative	Translation
Past tense	Nilikuwa Mombasa juzi	I was in Mombasa yesterday	Sikukuwa Mombasa juzi/Sikuwa Mombasa juzi	I wasn’t in Mombasa yesterday
Future tense	Nitakuwa Mombasa kesho	I will be in Mombasa tomorrow	Sitakuwa Mombasa kesho	I will not be in Mombasa tomorrow
Past conditional	Ningalikuwa Mombasa tungalionana	Had I been in Mombasa, we would have seen each other	Nisingalikuwa Mombasa tusingalionana	Had I not been in Mombasa we would not have seen each other

I’ll stop there since that’s A LOT of info. Hopefully it somewhat made sense. Let me know if you need clarification!