"سام جَديد."
Translation:Sam is new.
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it comes down to context whether it is a phrase or a sentence, because 'is' is nonexistent in Arabic. As such it is perceived differently.
If said independently like someone just says 'Sam jadeed' it means 'Sam is new' (like introducing Sam on the first day of the job to Sam's peers)
If it is within context as in answering a question (like the example stated), then it can be a phrase as part of a sentence "No, he is 'a new Sam' "
It may be clearer once definites are clearer because if a definite addition is made, the meaning and structure changes.
1001
In North America it is common to contact "Sam is" to "Sam's" at least in spoken English. If I wrote a book with dialogue I'd write it that way but I wouldn't use the contraction in written work that wasn't quoting speech. Very common in North America to use "'s" as a contraction for "is" maybe most commonly with it. "It's" is always the contraction of "it is" and never the possessive (belonging to it) which, like hers, ours, and theirs is written without an apostrophe as "its."
1001
We do contract "Sam is" to "Sam's" in spoken English in my country. I wouldn't write it in an essay, but if I wrote a book with dialogue I'd writee it that way. Very common in North America to use "'s" as a connection for "is" maybe most commonly with it. "It's" is always the connection of "it is" and never the possessive (belonging to it) which, like hers, ours, and theirs is written without an apostrophe as "its."