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- "Een man"
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According to this https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Dutch, the "ee" sequence should make the [e:] sound (in IPA) like the long „eh“ vowel sound in German „Ehe“. Is Dutch „een" an exception because it is such a commonly used word? Are there any more such exceptions?
Yes, there are weak and strong forms in Dutch, just like in English.
Words that are pronounced with a weak form are pronounced with a schwa (the sound in een, en de...) (many unstressed syllables are actually pronounced with a schwa, as in English, but I don't want to drive you insane).
In the case of een, the difference in pronunciation is in order to be able to distinguish the indefinite article een (a/an) from number één (one).
In other cases, the use of strong/weak forms has to do with stresss placement (emphasis).
The nice thing about Dutch (when compared to English) is that the use of weak/strong forms is mostly signalled through spelling (ee/éé, e/ij, respectively, for instance).
Hope this helps and that I was clear enough.