"Har du betalat för maten?"

Translation: Have you paid for the food?

[TwiceyHM]

So, could this mean "have you been paying for the food?", or that would be a different verb form?

[devalanteriel]

That's correct. Just like we don't make a difference between "pay" and "is paying", the same reasoning goes for any other applicable verb form as well.

[Yama842603]

Is mat/maten not translatable as (the) meal at all?

[devalanteriel]

No, that's måltid.