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"Mi unuafoje renkontis lin en Pollando."
Translation:I met him for the first time in Poland.
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Does this mean, "I met him for the {first time in Poland}," meaning that the speaker met someone in Poland for the first time, but may have already met him somewhere else before, or, "I {met him for the first time} in Poland," meaning that the two met for the very first time, and it just happened to be in Poland? I'm pretty sure it can mean either… Apparently even Esperanto has some ambiguity issues. :/
Well, yea. There are other conlangs for that.
Esperanto is easy to learn and an attempt on political neutrality — though one can argue those things to be mainly true within the european/western context. Being agglutinative it is at least more expressive than english.
If you want to be able to express without syntactic ambiguity, you could look at Lojban. It has a grammar based on predicate logic and is perhaps one of the next most spoken conlangs – with some gap – after esperanto. But it's probably also a bit harder to learn too. However, if there was a duolingo course i'd totally go for it.
Yes, that's good English. We normally say we met someone "for the first time" when it's the first time we ever met them. They are a new acquaintance. However, we could say, "Last Sunday, I met him the first time for breakfast, then the second time in the evening." We wouldn't use "for" in those instances. If you said you met him the first time in Poland, I'd be expecting you to tell me where you met him next.
"I met him the first time in Poland."
As a native speaker, this wording would kind of imply a list, probably relatively short, of meetings between these two people, the first of which occurred in Poland.
"I met him for the first time in Poland."
This sentence would somewhat imply the first interaction of a relationship.
They are both grammatically correct, and both mean just about the same thing, so both usages would be understood by another English speaker.